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* Mistakes by Linux/UNIX Sys admin
* Buggy device driver or utilities (especially third party utilities)
* Power outage (very rarer on production system) due to UPS failure
* Kernel bugs (that is why you don’t run latest kernel on production Linux/UNIX system, most of time you need to use stable kernel release)

Due to filesystem failure:

• File system will refuse to mount
• Entire system get hangs
• Even if filesystem mount operation result into success, users may notice strange behavior when mounted such as system reboot, gibberish characters in directory listings etc

So how the hell you are gonna Surviving a Filesystem Failures? Most of time fsck (front end to ext2/ext3 utility) can fix the problem, first simply run e2fsck – to check a Linux ext2/ext3 file system (assuming /home [/dev/sda3 partition] filesystem for demo purpose), first unmount /dev/sda3 then type following command :
# e2fsck -f /dev/sda3
Where,

• -f : Force checking even if the file system seems clean.

Please note that If the , e2fsck will terminate with a fatal error. However Linux maintains multiple redundant copies of the superblock in every file system, so you can use -b {alternative-superblock} option to get rid of this problem. The location of the backup superblock is dependent on the filesystem’s blocksize:

• For filesystems with 1k blocksizes, a backup superblock can be found at block 8193
• For filesystems with 2k blocksizes, at block 16384
• For 4k blocksizes, at block 32768.

Tip you can also try any one of the following command(s) to determine alternative-superblock locations:
# mke2fs -n /dev/sda3
OR
# dumpe2fs /dev/sda3|grep -i superblock
To repair file system by alternative-superblock use command as follows:
# e2fsck -f -b 8193 /dev/sda3

However it is highly recommended that you make backup before you run fsck command on system, use dd command to create a backup (provided that you have spare space under /disk2)
# dd if=/dev/sda2 of=/disk2/backup-sda2.img

If you are using Sun Solaris UNIX, see howto: .

Please note that things started to get complicated if hard disk participates in software RAID array. Take a look at . This article/tip is part of , Continue reading rest of the Understanding Linux file system series (this is part III):

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